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- MEDICINE, Page 79Way Out of Reach
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- A schizophrenia drug is too costly for those who need it most
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- For many who suffer from chronic schizophrenia, the drug
- clozapine seems to work miracles. One woman who thought she was
- God and could control the weather was in and out of mental
- institutions 35 times before starting on the antipsychotic
- drug. After only a few weeks of treatment, she was free from
- delusions and making plans to go to college. Clozapine,
- approved by the Food and Drug Administration in February, could
- benefit an estimated 100,000 people in the U.S.
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- But the patients who need the drug most face a huge barrier:
- treatment costs nearly $9,000 a year. The drug is a patented
- product, available in the U.S. under the brand name Clozaril
- only from New Jersey-based Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary
- of Sandoz International of Basel, Switzerland. The company's
- explanation for the steep price is that clozapine occasionally
- causes fatal side effects, so patients must be required to have
- regular blood tests to make sure they are tolerating the drug.
- The expense of the tests pushes clozapine beyond the reach of
- the majority of schizophrenics, many of whom are poor and
- underinsured, and Medicaid programs in most states have not
- been willing to cover the cost. As a result, only 5,500
- Americans have begun the therapy.
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- That situation has stirred outrage, not only from patients
- but also from law makers, public health-insurance officials and
- many of the nation's prominent mental-health professionals.
- Last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Carl
- Salzman, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard
- Medical School, called Sandoz's actions "monopolistic" and
- demanded that the drug company and health officials come to an
- agreement that would make the drug more accessible to "the
- patients for whom it is intended." Earlier this month,
- Democratic Senator David Pryor of Arkansas introduced
- legislation that would reduce Sandoz's control of the
- blood-monitoring system, which he charged had "taken patient
- care out of the hands of doctors and put it into the hands of
- drug manufacturers."
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- No one denies clozapine must be carefully handled. Up to 2%
- of those who take the drug develop agranulocytosis, an
- immune-system disorder that is often fatal if left undetected.
- The FDA was fully aware of this danger: the drug had been
- released earlier in Europe and withdrawn temporarily for just
- this reason. But the regulators decided the drug's potential
- usefulness was too great to keep it off the market. To address
- the safety question, the FDA ruled that Sandoz must devise a
- blood-monitoring system that would spot early signs of the fatal
- complication.
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- However, critics maintain that the system Sandoz came up
- with -- in which patients cannot get their weekly dose unless
- they provide Sandoz, or a company under contract to Sandoz,
- with a blood sample -- is no more than an elaborate form of
- gouging. "There are many, many ways to do the same job for a
- lot less money," said Harvard's Salzman. He and others argue
- that most hospitals and mental-health clinics could conduct the
- same testing at a lower cost. They point out that in Europe,
- where the blood testing is not mandatory, the drug costs only
- about $1,300 a year. Salzman calls the refusal of some state
- Medicaid programs to pay the full price of clozapine
- "outrageous," since they often shell out up to $50,000 a year
- for procedures like kidney dialysis. In addition, Salzman
- suggests that U.S. lawmakers could ease Sandoz's liability
- concerns by providing indemnity.
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- Several state attorneys general are investigating Sandoz for
- possible antitrust violations, while a handful of advocacy
- groups have launched lawsuits to force Medicaid to pick up the
- clozapine tab. But to patients with schizophrenia, these legal
- and legislative maneuverings mean little. All that matters to
- them is an impossible price tag standing between their current
- mental anguish and a productive life.
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- By Andrew Purvis.
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